Neighboring towns are simple on this. Sterling has no public sewer at all, so every property is on septic. West Boylston sewered the great majority of its residential properties and made connection mandatory within the sewered district. Boylston sits in between. Only a portion of the town is served by municipal sewer, and a substantial share of Boylston homes run on private septic systems. Whether a given address is on one or the other is not obvious from the neighborhood, the road, or the age of the house.
That distinction drives the budget on anything that adds a bedroom. On a sewered property, an addition or an ADU is a straightforward construction project. On septic, Massachusetts sizes systems by bedroom count under Title 5, so the existing system has to be measured against the new load before a design is finalized. If it will not carry it, the project becomes a septic upgrade plus an addition, which is a different budget entirely.
Water is a third thing again. Boylston is served by the Boylston Water District, which is its own corporate body rather than a department of the town. So a single Boylston property can involve the town for the building permit, the Board of Health for septic, and the Water District for water service. Knowing who to talk to about what is not glamorous, but it is the difference between a permit that moves and one that sits.